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The Effectiveness of Clinical Education Programs for Nurses and Nursing Students Based on the Kirkpatrick Model: A Narrative Review
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Reza Momen   , Yazdan Ahmadi , Saideh Hosseinpour , Mahboobeh Zomorrodi , Nasrin Jafari Golestan |
| Nursing School, Aja University of Medical Sciencesخ |
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Abstract: (54 Views) |
Abstract:
Introduction: Continuous evaluation of the quality of clinical education has long been considered a fundamental indicator for measuring the effectiveness of educational programs. This study aimed to review the effectiveness of clinical education programs for nurses and nursing students based on the Kirkpatrick model.
Materials and Methods: This narrative review was conducted through an electronic search using the keywords "Kirkpatrick model," "clinical education," "nurse," "nursing students," and "effectiveness" in national and international databases, including Magiran, SID, PubMed, Scopus, and the Google Scholar search engine, covering the period from 2015 to 2025. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 48 articles were initially identified. Following the review of titles, abstracts, and objectives, 11 relevant articles were ultimately selected and analyzed.
Results: The findings indicate that the Kirkpatrick model, as a structured framework, facilitates systematic evaluation of clinical nursing education. However, its implementation poses challenges such as the complexity of assessing higher levels of the model, the need for human resources, financial costs, and the necessity of long-term follow-up to evaluate behavior change and organizational outcomes.
Conclusion: The Kirkpatrick model has proven to be a valid framework for evaluating nursing education. Nonetheless, incomplete implementation—particularly neglecting the behavioral and results levels can undermine the validity of the findings.
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Article number: 6 |
| Keywords: Clinical Education, Kirkpatrick Model, Nurse, Nursing Student, Effectiveness |
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Full-Text [PDF 251 kb]
(67 Downloads)
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Type of Study: Review |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2025/08/23 | Accepted: 2025/11/14 | Published: 2026/02/5
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